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The Freedom from Fear Award was given to Dr Armand Hammer in 1988. He received the award because he worked all his life to preserve the fragile bond between the United States and the Soviet Union. Another goal was to reduce Cold War tensions.

More about Hammer

Dr Armand Hammer was born in 1898 in the United States. He became a doctor like his father, and after graduating went to the Soviet Union to work as a doctor. Hammer soon began delivering humanitarian relief supplies. In the 1920s, he often stayed in the Soviet Union to oversee its affairs. The money Hammer earned from his trade he put into the oil business. In 1957, he became CEO of Occidental Petroleum, an oil company in the United States.

Hammer did a lot of charity during his lifetime. For instance, he delivered humanitarian aid after the Chernobyl nuclear disaster in 1986. Furthermore, he was an art dealer and art collector. Hammer died in 1990 in the United States.

Positions and articles

Palme held the following positions:

● Entrepreneur pharmaceutical products (1921 - 1957)
● CEO Occidental Petroleum (1957 - 1990)

He wrote the following book:
● Hammer, Armand & Neil Lyndon (1987) Hammer - Witness to History, Simon & Schuster

Hammer collected impressionist and post-impressionist paintings during his lifetime. He donated these paintings, which form the core of the permanent collection of the UCLA Hammer Museum in Los Angeles. Together with his brother Victor, Armand Hammer owned the 'Hammer Galleries' in New York City, USA.

In addition, Hammer bequeathed the Armand Hammer United World College of the American West (UWC-USA). Together with his friends Harry and Rosa Strygler, he supported several Jewish foundations.

In 1978, as a non-resident of the Soviet Union, Hammer was awarded the Order of Friendship of Nations. Leonid Brezhnev gave it to Hammer. Hammer received the award for his strong support for the International Workers' and Communist Movement and the needs of the Soviet Union.